Cbse class 10
Chapter 1 history
The rise of nationalism in Europe
Note:👉
Facts that matter.
◾️.During the nineteenth century, nationalism emerged as a force which brought about sweeping changes in the political and mental world of europe and resulted in the emergence of the nation state.
◾️.A nation state was one in which the majority of it's citizens, and not only it's rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity.
◾️.frederic Sorrieu a French artist, visualised his dream of a world made up of 'democratic and social republics', and presented it to the world and promoted the spirit of nationalism.
1.The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation
◾️The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789 in France. It proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape it's destiny.
◾️The political and Constitution changes came to be seen. For example,
---------- Transfer of sovereignty from the monarch to French citizens.
----------- A sence of collective identity amongst the French people was created through various measures and practices.
◾️Napoleon incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient.
◾️The Civil code of 1804 usually know as the Napoleonic code was introduced. Simplification of administrative divisions, improvement in transport communication system, removal of guilt restrictions, standardisation of weight and measures and introduction of common currency were the major changes in the system. The right to property was also secured.
2.The making of Nationalism in Europe
◾️Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which lived diverse people. Various differences did not easily promote a sense of political utility.
👉The Aristocracy and the New Middle class
◾️Nationalism and the idea of the nation state were achieved. Industrialisation began in France and parts of the German states during the nineteenth century. New social groups came into being: a working class population, and middle classes.
◾️Slowly and steadily ideas of national unity among the educated, liberal middle classes gained popularity which led to the abolition of aristocratic privileges.
👉What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for?
◾️the ideology of liberalism emerged which ended the state interference in the economic life of society. Freedom of markets was achieved and state imposed restrictions on the movement of good and capital abolished. Napoleon's administrative measures were altered.
👉A New Conservatism after 1815
◾️In 1815,Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria collectively defeated Napoleon and to make a settlement, the Treaty of vienna of 1815 was signed. According to the provision of this treaty, the Bourbon dynasty was restored to power, France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
◾️A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.
◾️Belgium was set up in the North and Genna was added to Piedmont in the South. Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy. Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony
👉The Revolutionaries
◾️During the years following 1815,the fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists underground
◾️secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
◾️The Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. He subsequently founded two more underground societies--Young Italy in Marseille, and Young Europe in Bernie.
3.THE Age of Revolution:(1830-1848)
◾️The period between 1830-1848 is symbolised with the age of revolutions. The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830-1848. The Bourbon kings were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries. Louis philippe was made a Constitutional monarch. Belgium got separated from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
◾️The Greek war of independence started in 1821.
◾️Finally. The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.
👉The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling
◾️Culture played a vital role in creating the idea of the nation through art and poetry stories and music. It helped to express and arouse nationalist feelings.
◾️Language too played a major role in developing nationalist sentiments.
👉Hunger. Hardship and Popular Revolt
◾️The 1830s were the years of great economic hardship in Europe. The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe which gave rise to unemployment.
◾️Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
◾️Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine made goods from England.
◾️In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations. The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread Pauperism in town and country.
◾️Food shortage and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris out on the roads.
👉1848:The Revolution of the Liberals
◾️In 1848,a revolution led by the liberals (educated middle class) also took place. They made demands for constitutionalism with national unification.
◾️In the German regions, s large number of political associations came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all German National Assembly. A Constitution for a German nation was drafted which was to be headed by monarchy subject to a Parliament.
4.The Making of German and Italy
👉German---Can the Army be the Architect of a Nation?
◾️After 1848, nationalist feeling were widespread among middle class Germans.
◾️The German Confederation and Prussia began organising themselves into a German state.
◾️Three wars--Danish War, Austro-Prussian War and Franco-Prussian War---were fought which ended in Prussia victory and complete the process of unification of Germany in 1871. The Prussia King Kaiser William l was proclaimed German Emperor.
👉Italy unified
◾️Like Germany, Italy, too had a long history of political fragmentation. Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg Empire.
◾️During the middle if the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house. The unification process was led by three revolutionaries---Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo de Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi.
◾️Giuseppe Mazzini during the 1830s sought to put together a coherent programme for me a unitary Italian Republic and organised Young Italy.
◾️Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the fray.
◾️In 1861, The process of the unification of Italy complete and victor Emmanuel-ll was proclaimed King of the United Italy.
👉The Strange Case of Britain
◾️The history of nationalism in Britain was different from the rest of Europe. Before the eighteenth century there was no Britain nation. The people of different identities comprised English, Welsh, Scot or Irish lived in the British Isles.
◾️The Act of Union of 1707 between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the'United Kingdom of Great Britain'. Ireland was forcibly included into the United Kingdom in 1801.
5.Visualishing the Nation
◾️In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, artist found a way out by personifying a nation. Nation were than portrayed as female figures. The female figure become an allegory of the nation.
◾️In France she was Christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underline the idea of a people's nation, German became the allegory of the German nation.
6.Nationalism and Imperialism
◾️The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans.
◾️The powers (Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary) were keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans which led to series of wars in the region and finally the First World War.
◾️Nationalism, aligned with imperialisation, led Europe to disaster in 1914.
▪️Flowering-learning
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